The aim of it efforts are to learn the result of breed and age towards the egg production plus the eggs outside and you can internal high quality inside five Italian twin-purpose types , initially and many days after than very first days laying passion that taken place, respectively, after june/beginning of trip along with cold temperatures, below changeable environmental criteria.
2.1. Pets and you may Rearing Conditions
Five Italian poultry types, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you will Robusta Lionata (RL), were thought into research. Your body weight off mature lady is actually 1.twenty five kg for the PP, dos.29 kg for the Er and you may step three.05 kg in RM and you will RL. Their resource is the Veneto area (Italy): PP is actually a classic local reproduce; its origin try old back again to the fresh XIX century, however, no exact studies on its genetic source exist. Another breeds are available within the Veneto in 1950s: this new Emergency room breed originates from Sussex (shaded eggshell breed) and you may Rhode Area (brownish eggshell reproduce) types, whereas into RM and you can RL breeds, Brownish Orpington and you can White America, a few brownish eggshell types were utilized . Along with the adult body weight, such breeds differ within their plumage along with: it’s golden when you look at the PP, Emergency room reveals erminate plumage, RM plumage try predominantly light with black colored extremities in several regions of your body, black colored feathers of primaries and you will tail and RL suggests an effective tawny plumage which have black colored feathers away from primaries and you can tail. The types (Profile S1) let you know unmarried comb and lay tinted eggshell eggs (Figure S2).
dos. Material and methods
Wild birds from each reproduce hatched at the same time (last half of elizabeth ranch of your Heart for Poultry Biodiversity Preservation throughout the Veneto region (it regularly offers up the latest rearing of them types also when it comes to eggs design getting incubation and brooding), in North Italy (45°02?53? N), regarding hatching to your pubertal age and you can from the installing several months, hence become regarding the prevent regarding june to your beginning of fall (Profile step one), with respect to the breed. Giving, rearing criteria (photoperiod, temperature) and you can prophylaxis strategies was basically an identical with the five types, since off hatching with the prevent of your own read months, that was in , on 53 weeks old. The latest newly hatched chicks was remaining indoors inside very first 4 days out of lifetime, during the an ecological heat decreasing from thirty two to help you 24 °C, significantly less than infra-yellow radiation lighting fixtures, to the litter. Within step 1.5 days of age, the new birds got 100 % free entry to outdoor room, out of spring season in order to trip and you will winter. For every breed (sixty hens) had free access to outside (5 yards 2 /bird) room (armed with linear drinkers), where the hens lived for hours on end, in order to indoor (cuatro hens/m dos ) area (wood shavings and you will straw litter, having perches and you can circular feeders), used mainly to possess laying egg (collective nests) and also at evening; the room (interior and you may outside) open to for every single reproduce is actually divided by netting.
At the outset of laying (around twenty-two months old with the reproduce having before start of putting), inside the September–Oct, according to the breed, the latest photoperiod are natural and you can decreasing, with regards to the season and the geographic standing of one’s demo route when you look at the Northern Italy (an average of, 12L:12D), and for the next several months (from 38 days of age, off December to help you 53 weeks of age), phony light is gradually increased (when you look at the indoor space, incandescent light bulb, on the sixty lux) locate good photoperiod out of 14L:10D. The latest photoperiod is actually regulated because of the a timekeeper, also it is achieved by turning on the new white one hour just before sunrise and you will turning off they one hour once sunset. The new external environment temperature is actually 10 ± 3.4 °C and you will 11 ± step three.0 °C, respectively, to the first (from the beginning regarding Oct on the avoid off November) plus the second (from the beginning of January into the stop out-of February) putting symptoms, in the event the analysis on the give performance and you will egg top quality was indeed built-up. New pets were given ad libitum commercial feeds predicated on their mental stage (around three varied commercial nourishes in expanding months). For the earliest laying stage (26–33 months of age, significantly less than decreasing pure photoperiod), in the event that types been putting, brand new wild birds were given a professional pelleted feed (PG = 16%, Me = 11.8 MJ/kg, California = step 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you can maize (PG = nine.1%, Myself = 13.eight MJ/kg), within a ratio of 1:1. It’s really worth recalling you to definitely, at this many years, only the dual-mission and you may tinted eggshell breeds exhibited a variable start of installing and eggs development rate, whereas the newest hens belonging to the almost every other kinds of the brand new Preservation Heart to have Biodiversity and hatched at the same time of examined types, such as the white eggshell breeds, did not start installing (Padovana reproduce) or they shown an incredibly light putting activity (Polverara breed), never ever reaching the endurance of ten% hen–day egg design. The explanation for the option of the latest Preservation Middle, to not ever have fun with a feed to own putting hens throughout this period, try on account of maybe not pressuring the newest pullets to eggs production during a season with coming down temperatures and you will photoperiod. The latest wild birds grew outside, below favourable kvinnor Japanska requirements getting skeletal wellness, travelling floor and you can under solar light. In the outdoor area for each breed, the existence of yard available to the fresh wild birds is actually highest during the the newest increasing several months than just in the start of laying, which happened adopting the summer time, in the event the precipitation was scarce and you may failed to accommodate good grass regrowth. Out-of 38 so you’re able to 53 weeks old, and you can not as much as increasing photoperiod, the newest hens have been fed a professional pelleted supply getting putting (PG = 16%, Me = eleven.5 MJ/kilogram, California = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). Every nourishes consisted generally from maize and you will soybean.
